1. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Standards of, Lichtenstein DR, Jagannath S, et al. Sedation and anesthesia in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:815-826.PMID:
18984096.
2. Ghanouni A, Plumb A, Hewitson P, Nickerson C, Rees CJ, von Wagner C. Patients' experience of colonoscopy in the English Bowel Cancer Screening Programme. Endoscopy 2016;48:232-240.PMID:
26841268.
3. Italian Association of Hospital Gastroenterologists (AIGO). Radaelli F, Meucci G, Sgroi G, Minoli G. Technical performance of colonoscopy: the key role of sedation/analgesia and other quality indicators. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1122-1130.PMID:
18445096.
4. Cohen LB, Wecsler JS, Gaetano JN, et al. Endoscopic sedation in the United States: results from a nationwide survey. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:967-974.PMID:
16573781.
5. Gross JB, Bachenberg KL, Benumof JL, et al. Practice guidelines for the perioperative management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Perioperative Management of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiology 2006;104:1081-1093.PMID:
16645462.
6. Sami SS, Subramanian V, Ortiz-Fernández-Sordo J, et al. Performance characteristics of unsedated ultrathin video endoscopy in the assessment of the upper GI tract: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;82:782-792.PMID:
26371850.
7. Leung FW. Water-aided colonoscopy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2013;42:507-519.PMID:
23931857.
8. Rex DK, Imperiale TF, Portish V. Patients willing to try colonoscopy without sedation: associated clinical factors and results of a randomized controlled trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:554-559.PMID:
10228251.
9. Liu H, Waxman DA, Main R, Mattke S. Utilization of anesthesia services during outpatient endoscopies and colonoscopies and associated spending in 2003-2009. JAMA 2012;307:1178-1184.PMID:
22436958.
10. Predmore Z, Nie X, Main R, Mattke S, Liu H. Anesthesia service use during outpatient gastroenterology procedures continued to increase from 2010 to 2013 and potentially discretionary spending remained high. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:297-302.PMID:
27349340.
11. Childers RE, Williams JL, Sonnenberg A. Practice patterns of sedation for colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;82:503-511.PMID:
25851159.
12. Riphaus A, Macias-Gomez C, Devière J, Dumonceau JM. Propofol, the preferred sedation for screening colonoscopy, is underused. Results of an international survey. Dig Liver Dis 2012;44:389-392.PMID:
22119619.
13. Zakko SF, Seifert HA, Gross JB. A comparison of midazolam and diazepam for conscious sedation during colonoscopy in a prospective double-blind study. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:684-689.PMID:
10343209.
14. Lee MG, Hanna W, Harding H. Sedation for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a comparative study of midazolam and diazepam. Gastrointest Endosc 1989;35:82-84.PMID:
2619791.
15. Cole SG, Brozinsky S, Isenberg JI. Midazolam, a new more potent benzodiazepine, compared with diazepam: a randomized, double-blind study of preendoscopic sedatives. Gastrointest Endosc 1983;29:219-222.PMID:
6618119.
16. Horn E, Nesbit SA. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of sedatives and analgesics. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2004;14:247-268.PMID:
15121142.
17. Waring JP, Baron TH, Hirota WK, et al. Guidelines for conscious sedation and monitoring during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:317-322.PMID:
14528201.
18. McQuaid KR, Laine L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials of moderate sedation for routine endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;67:910-923.PMID:
18440381.
19. Wadhwa V, Issa D, Garg S, Lopez R, Sanaka MR, Vargo JJ. Similar risk of cardiopulmonary adverse events between propofol and traditional anesthesia for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;15:194-206.PMID:
27451091.
20. Ulmer BJ, Hansen JJ, Overley CA, et al. Propofol versus midazolam/ fentanyl for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003;1:425-432.PMID:
15017641.
21. Watkins TJ, Bonds RL, Hodges K, Goettle BB, Dobson DA, Maye JP. Evaluation of postprocedure cognitive function using 3 distinct standard sedation regimens for endoscopic procedures. AANA J 2014;82:133-139.PMID:
24902456.
22. Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Fujii H, Katsuyama Y, Ohmori S, Tanaka N. Psychomotor recovery and blood propofol level in colonoscopy when using propofol sedation. Gastrointest Endosc 2012;75:506-512.PMID:
22115604.
23. Willey J, Vargo JJ, Connor JT, Dumot JA, Conwell DL, Zuccaro G. Quantitative assessment of psychomotor recovery after sedation and analgesia for outpatient EGD. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;56:810-816.PMID:
12447290.
24. Qadeer MA, Vargo JJ, Khandwala F, Lopez R, Zuccaro G. Propofol versus traditional sedative agents for gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:1049-1056.PMID:
16271333.
25. Wang D, Chen C, Chen J, et al. The use of propofol as a sedative agent in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8:e53311. PMID:
10.1371/journal.pone.0053311. PMID:
23308191.
26. Tsai HC, Lin YC, Ko CL, et al. Propofol versus midazolam for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in cirrhotic patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2015;10:e0117585. PMID:
10.1371/journal.pone.0117585. PMID:
25646815.
27. Inadomi JM, Gunnarsson CL, Rizzo JA, Fang H. Projected increased growth rate of anesthesia professional-delivered sedation for colonoscopy and EGD in the United States: 2009 to 2015. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72:580-586.PMID:
20630511.
28. Khiani VS, Soulos P, Gancayco J, Gross CP. Anesthesiologist involvement in screening colonoscopy: temporal trends and cost implications in the Medicare population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:58-64.e1.PMID:
21782768.
29. Alharbi O, Rabeneck L, Paszat LF, et al. A population-based analysis of outpatient colonoscopy in adults assisted by an anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology 2009;111:734-740.PMID:
19741486.
30. Inadomi JM. Editorial: endoscopic sedation: who, which, when? Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:303-305.PMID:
28154379.
31. Hassan C, Rex DK, Cooper GS, Benamouzig R. Endoscopist-directed propofol administration versus anesthesiologist assistance for colorectal cancer screening: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Endoscopy 2012;44:456-464.PMID:
22531982.
32. Dominitz JA, Baldwin LM, Green P, Kreuter WI, Ko CW. Regional variation in anesthesia assistance during outpatient colonoscopy is not associated with differences in polyp detection or complication rates. Gastroenterology 2013;144:298-306.PMID:
23103615.
33. Fleisher LA. Assessing the value of “discretionary” clinical care: the case of anesthesia services for endoscopy. JAMA 2012;307:1200-1201.PMID:
22436962.
34. Agrawal D, Rockey DC. Propofol for screening colonoscopy in low-risk patients: are we paying too much? JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:1836-1838.PMID:
23857456.
35. Rex DK, Vargo JJ. Anesthetist-directed sedation for colonoscopy: a safe haven or siren's song? Gastroenterology 2016;150:801-803.PMID:
26924093.
36. Repici A, Hassan C. The endoscopist, the anesthesiologists, and safety in GI endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2017;85:109-111.PMID:
27986104.
37. Rex DK. The science and politics of propofol. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2080-2083.PMID:
15554982.
38. Metwally M, Agresti N, Hale WB, et al. Conscious or unconscious: the impact of sedation choice on colon adenoma detection. World J Gastroenterol 2011;17:3912-3915.PMID:
22025879.
39. Paspatis GA, Tribonias G, Manolaraki MM, et al. Deep sedation compared with moderate sedation in polyp detection during colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial. Colorectal Dis 2011;13:e137-e144.PMID:
10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02555.x. PMID:
21564466.
40. Adeyemo A, Bannazadeh M, Riggs T, Shellnut J, Barkel D, Wasvary H. Does sedation type affect colonoscopy perforation rates? Dis Colon Rectum 2014;57:110-114.PMID:
24316954.
41. Hsieh TK, Hung L, Kang FC, Lan KM, Poon PW, So EC. Anesthesia does not increase the rate of bowel perforation during colonoscopy: a retrospective study. Acta Anaesthesiol Taiwan 2009;47:162-166.PMID:
20015815.
42. Korman LY, Haddad NG, Metz DC, et al. Effect of propofol anesthesia on force application during colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2014;79:657-662.PMID:
24472761.
43. Lubarsky DA, Guercio JR, Hanna JW, et al. The impact of anesthesia providers on major morbidity following screening colonoscopies. J Multidiscip Healthc 2015;8:255-270.PMID:
26060404.
44. Wernli KJ, Brenner AT, Rutter CM, Inadomi JM. Risks associated with anesthesia services during colonoscopy. Gastroenterology 2016;150:888-894.PMID:
26709032.
45. Cooper GS, Kou TD, Rex DK. Complications following colonoscopy with anesthesia assistance: a population-based analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:551-556.PMID:
23478904.
46. Vargo JJ, Niklewski PJ, Williams JL, Martin JF, Faigel DO. Patient safety during sedation by anesthesia professionals during routine upper endoscopy and colonoscopy: an analysis of 1.38 million procedures. Gastrointest Endosc 2017;85:101-108.PMID:
26905938.
47. Vargo JJ. Big NAPS, little NAPS, mixed NAPS, computerized NAPS: what is your flavor of propofol? Gastrointest Endosc 2007;66:457-459.PMID:
17725935.
48. Rex DK, Overley CA, Walker J. Registered nurse-administered propofol sedation for upper endoscopy and colonoscopy: why? when? how? Rev Gastroenterol Disord 2003;3:70-80.PMID:
12776004.
49. Orkin FK, Duncan PG. Substrate for healthcare reform: anesthesia's low-lying fruit. Anesthesiology 2009;111:697-698.PMID:
19707113.
50. Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Beilenhoff U, et al. European curriculum for sedation training in gastrointestinal endoscopy: position statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA). Endoscopy 2013;45:496-504.PMID:
23702777.
51. Dumonceau JM, Riphaus A, Schreiber F, et al. Non-anesthesiologist administration of propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates guideline. Updated June 2015. Endoscopy 2015;47:1175-1189.PMID:
26561915.
52. Vargo JJ, Cohen LB, Rex DK, et al. Position statement: nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol for GI endoscopy. Gastroenterology 2009;137:2161-2167.PMID:
19961989.
53. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1004-1017.PMID:
11964611.
54. bng-Study-Group. Sieg A, Beck S, et al. Safety analysis of endoscopist-directed propofol sedation: a prospective, national multicenter study of 24,441 patients in German outpatient practices. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:517-523.PMID:
24716213.
55. Rex DK, Deenadayalu VP, Eid E, et al. Endoscopist-directed administration of propofol: a worldwide safety experience. Gastroenterology 2009;137:1229-1237.PMID:
19549528.
56. Rex DK, Heuss LT, Walker JA, Qi R. Trained registered nurses/endoscopy teams can administer propofol safely for endoscopy. Gastroenterology 2005;129:1384-1391.PMID:
16285939.
58. Sipe BW, Rex DK, Latinovich D, et al. Propofol versus midazolam/ meperidine for outpatient colonoscopy: administration by nurses supervised by endoscopists. Gastrointest Endosc 2002;55:815-825.PMID:
12024134.
59. Walker JA, McIntyre RD, Schleinitz PF, et al. Nurse-administered propofol sedation without anesthesia specialists in 9152 endoscopic cases in an ambulatory surgery center. Am J Gastroenterol 2003;98:1744-1750.PMID:
12907328.
60. Poincloux L, Laquière A, Bazin JE, et al. A randomized controlled trial of endoscopist vs. anaesthetist-administered sedation for colonoscopy. Dig Liver Dis 2011;43:553-558.PMID:
21450542.
61. Rex DK, Overley C, Kinser K, et al. Safety of propofol administered by registered nurses with gastroenterologist supervision in 2000 endoscopic cases. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:1159-1163.PMID:
12014721.
63. Dumonceau JM. Nonanesthesiologist administration of propofol: it's all about money. Endoscopy 2012;44:453-455.PMID:
22531981.
64. Rex DK. Effect of the centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services policy about deep sedation on use of propofol. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:622-626.PMID:
21536938.
65. Aisenberg J, Cohen LB, Piorkowski JD Jr. Propofol use under the direction of trained gastroenterologists: an analysis of the medicolegal implications. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:707-713.PMID:
17397402.
66. Mandel JE, Lichtenstein GR, Metz DC, Ginsberg GG, Kochman ML. A prospective, randomized, comparative trial evaluating respiratory depression during patient-controlled versus anesthesiologist-administered propofol-remifentanil sedation for elective colonoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2010;72:112-117.PMID:
20493481.
67. Külling D, Orlandi M, Inauen W. Propofol sedation during endoscopic procedures: how much staff and monitoring are necessary? Gastrointest Endosc 2007;66:443-449.PMID:
17725933.
68. Roseveare C, Seavell C, Patel P, et al. Patient-controlled sedation and analgesia, using propofol and alfentanil, during colonoscopy: a prospective randomized controlled trial. Endoscopy 1998;30:768-773.PMID:
9932756.
69. Liu SY, Poon CM, Leung TL, et al. Nurse-administered propofol-alfentanil sedation using a patient-controlled analgesia pump compared with opioid-benzodiazepine sedation for outpatient colonoscopy. Endoscopy 2009;41:522-528.PMID:
19440955.
70. Pambianco DJ, Whitten CJ, Moerman A, Struys MM, Martin JF. An assessment of computer-assisted personalized sedation: a sedation delivery system to administer propofol for gastrointestinal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2008;68:542-547.PMID:
18511048.
71. Pambianco DJ, Vargo JJ, Pruitt RE, Hardi R, Martin JF. Computer-assisted personalized sedation for upper endoscopy and colonoscopy: a comparative, multicenter randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 2011;73:765-772.PMID:
21168841.
72. Lin OS, Kozarek RA, Tombs D, et al. The first US clinical experience with computer-assisted propofol sedation: a retrospective observational comparative study on efficacy, safety, efficiency, and endoscopist and patient satisfaction. Anesth Analg 2017;9 17 PMID:
10.1213/ANE.0000000000001898.
73. Vargo J, Howard K, Petrillo J, Scott J, Revicki DA. Development and validation of the patient and clinician sedation satisfaction index for colonoscopy and upper endoscopy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7:156-162.PMID:
18930167.
74. Lin OS, La Selva D, Kozarek RA, et al. One year experience with computer-assisted propofol sedation for colonoscopy. World J Gastroenterol 2017;23:2964-2971.PMID:
28522914.
75. Lin OS, La Selva D, Tombs D, Kozarek RA, Ross AS. One year experience with computer-assisted propofol sedation for esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2016;83(5 Suppl): AB534-AB535.
76. Horiuchi A, Graham DY. Special topics in procedural sedation: clinical challenges and psychomotor recovery. Gastrointest Endosc 2014;80:404-409.PMID:
24981806.
77. Vargo JJ, Bramley T, Meyer K, Nightengale B. Practice efficiency and economics: the case for rapid recovery sedation agents for colonoscopy in a screening population. J Clin Gastroenterol 2007;41:591-598.PMID:
17577116.
78. Koch J, Tombs D, Lin OS, et al. Economic impact of computer assisted propofol sedation. Gastroenterology 2016;150(4 Suppl 1): S101.
79. Singh PM, Borle A, Goudra BG. Use of computer-assisted drug therapy outside the operating room. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2016;29:506-511.PMID:
27054414.
80. Hirshman S, Mattke S, Liu H. Anesthesia service use and the uptake of screening colonoscopies. Med Care 2017;55:623-628.PMID:
28002204.
81. Liu H, Mattke S, Predmore ZS. Medicare coverage of anesthesia services during screening colonoscopies for patients at low risk of sedation-related complications. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:1848-1850.PMID:
26348629.
82. Martínez JF, Aparicio JR, Compañy L, et al. Safety of continuous propofol sedation for endoscopic procedures in elderly patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2011;103:76-82.PMID:
21366368.
83. Riphaus A, Geist C, Schrader K, Martchenko K, Wehrmann T. Intermittent manually controlled versus continuous infusion of propofol for deep sedation during interventional endoscopy: a prospective randomized trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2012;47:1078-1085.PMID:
22631051.
84. Lin OS, Kozarek RA, Tombs D, Ross AS. Nurse administered propofol continuous infusion sedation (NAPCIS): a new paradigm for GI procedure sedation. Gastroenterology 2017;152(5 Suppl 1): S1314.
85. Goudra BG, Singh PM. SEDASYS, sedation, and the unknown. J Clin Anesth 2014;26:334-336.PMID:
24916898.
86. Brill JV, Jain R, Margolis PS, et al. A bundled payment framework for colonoscopy performed for colorectal cancer screening or surveillance. Gastroenterology 2014;146:849-853.e9.PMID:
24480681.
87. Patel K, Presser E, George M, McClellan M. Shifting away from fee-for-service: alternative approaches to payment in gastroenterology. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;14:497-506.PMID:
26122765.
88. Dorn SD. The road ahead 3.0: changing payments, changing practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;14:785-789.PMID:
27062930.
89. Lieberman D, Allen J. New approaches to controlling health care costs: bending the cost curve for colonoscopy. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:1789-1791.PMID:
26348112.
90. Robinson JC, Brown TT, Whaley C, Finlayson E. Association of reference payment for colonoscopy with consumer choices, insurer spending, and procedural complications. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:1783-1789.PMID:
26348851.