Intest Res > Volume 20(2); 2022 > Article |
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Funding Source
The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Conflict of Interest
Park DI is an editorial board member of the journal but was not involve in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.
Author Contribution
Study concept, design, analysis of data: Kim ES. Study concept, design: Ogata H. Substantial contribution to the acquisition and interpretation of data for the work: Tae CH, Jung SA, Park DI, Im JP, Eun CS, Yoon H, Jang BI, Fukuhara K, Hirai F, Ohtsuka K, Liu J, Cao Q. Drafting of the manuscript: Kim ES. Critical revision of the manuscript: Ogata H. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
Variable | China (n = 232) | Japan (n = 255) | Korea (n = 418) | Total (n = 905) | P-valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Massage | 5 (2.2) | 2 (0.8) | 4 (1.0) | 11 (1.2) | 0.166 |
Acupuncture | 5 (2.2) | 2 (0.8) | 16 (3.8) | 23 (2.5) | 0.995 |
Naturopathic medicine | 4 (1.7) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (0.6) | 0.195 |
Homoeopathy | 2 (0.9) | 0 | 7 (1.7) | 9 (0.9) | 0.898 |
Relaxation | 6 (2.6) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.5) | 10 (1.1) | 0.626 |
Reflexology | 0 | 4 (1.6) | 5 (1.2) | 9 (0.9) | 0.871 |
Aromatherapy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
Hypnosis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
Moxibustion or cupping | 8 (3.4) | 0 | 19 (4.5) | 27 (2.9) | 0.051 |
Spiritual or religious healer | 3 (1.3) | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 4 (0.4) | 0.108 |
Chiropractic | 7 (3.0) | 1 (0.4) | 2 (0.5) | 10 (1.1) | 0.047 |
CAM ≥ 2 services | 8 (3.4) | 0 | 14 (3.3) | 22 (2.4) | 0.027 |
Any CAM service | 20 (8.6) | 13 (5.1) | 45 (10.8) | 78 (8.6) | 0.179 |
Variable | China (n = 232) | Japan (n = 255) | Korea (n = 418) | Total (n = 905) | P-valuea |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Herbal remedies | 22 (9.5) | 4 (1.6) | 13 (3.1) | 39 (4.3) | 0.002 |
Ginseng | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 14 (3.3) | 15 (1.6) | 0.814 |
Deer antlers | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.5) | 2 (0.2) | 0.368 |
Chinese medicine (drugs) | 29 (12.5) | 5 (2) | 33 (7.9) | 67 (7.4) | < 0.001 |
St. John’s wort | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
Chamomile | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (1.0) | 6 (0.6) | 0.502 |
Lavender | 0 | 0 | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | 0.486 |
Ginkgo biloba | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
Kava kava | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NA |
Vitamins | 70 (30.2) | 2 (0.8) | 36 (8.6) | 108 (11.9) | < 0.001 |
Probiotics | 81 (34.9) | 19 (7.5) | 75 (17.9) | 175 (19.3) | < 0.001 |
Fish oils | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.2) | 5 (1.2) | 9 (0.9) | 0.505 |
Glucosamine | 19 (8.2) | 0 | 5 (1.2) | 24 (2.6) | < 0.001 |
CAM ≥ 2 products | 70 (30.2) | 8 (3.1) | 52 (12.4) | 130 (14.3) | < 0.001 |
Any product | 117 (50.4) | 32 (12.5) | 120 (28.7) | 269 (29.7) | < 0.001 |
Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%). Active disease was defined as Harvey-Bradshaw index ≥5 for CD and Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index ≥5 for UC.
IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; CAM, complementary and alternative medicine; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CD, Crohn’s disease; UC, ulcerative colitis; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.