Status of serum vitamin B₁₂ and folate in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in China

Article information

Intest Res. 2017;15(1):103-108

Publication date (electronic) : 2017 January 31

doi : https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2017.15.1.103

Shaozhong Huang , Jiayi Ma , Mingming Zhu , Zhihua Ran

Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.

Correspondence to Zhihua Ran, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, 145 Middle Shandong Road, Shanghai 200001, China. Tel: +86-21-68383114, Fax: +86-21-68383114, zhihuaran2015@163.com

Received 2016 July 21; Revised 2016 September 20; Accepted 2016 September 26.

Abstract

Background/Aims

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) primarily involves the intestinal tract and can affect vitamin absorption. This study was designed to assess the prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ and folate deficiencies in patients with IBD, and to identify the risk factors associated with abnormal serum vitamin B₁₂ and folate levels.

Methods

We evaluated the medical records of 195 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and 62 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), and selected 118 healthy subjects for the control group.

Results

There were more CD patients with vitamin B₁₂ deficiency than UC patients (14.9% vs. 3.2%, P=0.014) and controls (14.9% vs. 4.2%, P=0.003). The prevalence of folate deficiency was higher in CD patients than in controls (13.3% vs. 3.4%, P=0.004). There were no significant differences in the serum vitamin B₁₂ and folate statuses of the UC and control groups. Patients with prior ileal or ileocolic resection showed a higher prevalence of abnormal vitamin B₁₂ levels than those without prior resection (n=6/16, n=23/179; P=0.018). A disease duration within 5 years was a risk factor of abnormal folate levels in CD patients.

Conclusions

This study showed that vitamin B₁₂ and folate deficiencies were more common in patients with CD than in UC patients and controls. Prior ileal or ileocolonic resection was a risk factor of serum vitamin B₁₂ abnormalities, and a disease duration within 5 years was a risk factor of low serum folate levels in CD patients.

Keywords: Vitamin B 12; Folate, Inflammatory bowel disease; Crohn disease; Colitis, ulcerative

INTRODUCTION

As water-soluble vitamins, vitamin B₁₂ and folate are essential to erythropoiesis and to the nervous system function, while a lack of these vitamins can cause corresponding diseases. Common causes of vitamin B₁₂ or folate deficiency include an insufficient intake, malabsorption, or an increased demand. Vitamin B₁₂, also known as cobalamin, cannot be synthesized by the human body and must therefore be absorbed orally. Dietary cobalamin is separated from its binding protein by hydrochloric acid and pepsin in the stomach, before combining with the intrinsic factor (IF) in the duodenum. The complex is then absorbed through the mucosa in the terminal ileum.1 By contrast, folate is present in both animal and plant foods, and is absorbed in the proximal small intestine, including in the duodenum and the jejunum.2

IBD is a chronic, repeated-relapsing disease of the intestinal tract that includes CD and UC. CD frequently involves the terminal ileum. As long-term inflammation of the mucosa and surgical resection for stricture or fibrosis can affect the vitamin B₁₂ absorption, patients with CD tend to suffer from vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.3 Some studies have suggested that vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was more common in patients with CD than in those with UC.3 4 5 Conversely, UC is an inflammatory disease that primarily involves the colon, without involvement of the small intestine. It seems that the prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ and folate deficiencies are similar in UC patients and in healthy individuals.

In order to manage the vitamin status of IBD patients well, this study was designed to assess the prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ and folate deficiencies in patients with IBD and to identify the risk factors associated with abnormal serum vitamin B₁₂ and folate levels.

METHODS

1. Patients

A total of 257 patients who presented with IBD (195 CD and 62 UC) between December 2011 and August 2015 were included in this study. The research subjects were inpatients of the Renji Hospital of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine who had been diagnosed with IBD based on clinical, endoscopic, laboratory, histologic, and radiographic information. The electronic medical records of the patients were analyzed to determine their demographic profiles, disease duration, disease location, CD behavior (based on the Montreal classification), drug therapy, and laboratory parameters. Patients with known diseases other than IBD that could cause abnormal vitamin B₁₂ and folate concentrations or who were receiving supplemental vitamins were excluded. In addition, four patients were excluded from the statistical analysis as their serum vitamin values were above the upper limit of the measured values (one vitamin B₁₂ value >1,500 pg/mL, three folate values >25.2 ng/mL). As a control group, 118 subjects were selected among, healthy individuals who visited the hospital for a health check-up.

2. Laboratory Tests

An automated chemiluminescence system (Beckman Access method; Beckman Coulter, Brea, CA, USA) was used to determine the vitamin concentrations in the serum. Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was defined as a serum level below 200 pg/mL and folate deficiency was defined as a serum level below 3 ng/mL. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin level <120 g/L in men and <110 g/L in women, and macrocytosis was defined as a mean cell volume >99 fL, based on local laboratory values. The CRP was recorded as a marker of inflammation.

3. Statistical Analysis

All the statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS statistics version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The continuous variables were presented as means and SDs or medians and interquartile ranges. The statistical analysis was performed with a t-test. When the variables of the vitamin B₁₂ and folate were not normally distributed between the groups, Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Chi-square tests or Fisher exact tests were performed to compare the prevalences of the vitamin deficiencies. A P-value <0.05 was considered significant, and 95% CI were calculated for the mean and proportion.

RESULTS

1. Patients Characteristics

The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients with CD and UC are presented in Table 1. The CD patients' profiles were similar to those of the UC patients and controls in terms of sex, and the CD patients' disease duration was similar to that of the UC patients (P>0.05). The age was similar between the UC and control groups (P>0.05). There were more subjects aged 20 to 39 years in the CD group than in the UC and control groups. The prevalence of anemia was 52.8% (95% CI, 46.2%–60%) in the CD patients, and 50% (95% CI, 37.1%–62.9%) in the UC patients. Macrocytosis was observed in 1.5% (95% CI, 0–3.6%) of the CD patients, and in none of the UC patients.

Table 1

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with IBD

2. Vitamine Status

In CD patients, the mean serum vitamin B₁₂ and folate concentrations were 359.53±170.08 pg/mL and 7.11±4.75 ng/mL, respectively (Fig. 1). These two values were significantly lower than in the UC patients and controls (P<0.05). There was a greater prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in CD patients than in UC patients (14.9% vs. 3.2%, P=0.014) and controls (14.9% vs. 4.2%, P=0.003). The prevalence of folate deficiency was also higher in CD patients than in controls (13.3% vs. 3.4%, P=0.004). However, there was no significant difference between the CD and UC groups (13.3% vs. 9.7%, P=0.448). As shown in Fig. 1, there were no significant differences between the serum vitamin B₁₂ and folate statuses of the UC and control patients.

Fig. 1

Serum vitamin B₁₂ and folate status in IBD patients and controls. (A) The mean serum vitamin B₁₂ concentrations of CD patients was 359.53±170.08 pg/mL, This was significantly lower than in UC patients and controls. (B) The mean serum folate concentrations of CD patients was 7.11±4.75 ng/mL, This was significantly lower than in UC patients and controls. (C) The prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was significantly higher in CD patients than in UC patients (14.9% vs. 3.2%, P=0.014) and controls (14.9% vs. 4.2%, P=0.003). (D) The prevalence of folate deficiency was higher in CD patients than in controls (13.3% vs. 3.4%, P=0.004). there was no significant difference between the CD and UC groups (13.3% vs. 9.7%, P=0.448). ^aP<0.05; ^bP<0.01; ^cP<0.001.

The results of the further univariate analysis are presented in Table 2. Regarding CD patients, those with prior ileal or ileocolic resection showed a higher prevalence of abnormal vitamin B₁₂ levels than those without prior resection (n=6/16, n=23/179; P=0.018). Interestingly, patients with prior ileal or ileocolic resection revealed higher serum folate concentrations than those without prior small intestinal resection (10.40±6.16 ng/mL vs. 6.82±4.50 ng/mL, P=0.004), although without significant differences in the prevalence of abnormal folate levels (n=1/16, n=25/179; P=0.701). In CD patients, a disease duration within 5 years was a risk factor of abnormal folate levels (n=23/127, n=3/68; P=0.007).

Table 2

Risk Factors of Vitamin Abnormality in CD Based on Univariate Analysis

DISCUSSION

Vitamin B₁₂ and folate deficiencies are important health problems that may not only cause hematologic, neural, gastrointestinal, and mental abnormalities, but are also associated with an increased risk of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia.6 7 Folate deficiency is also known as an established risk factor of colorectal cancer in IBD patients.8 These situations increase the need for hospital admissions and decrease the quality of life of IBD patients. However, as the symptoms of IBD patients with vitamin B₁₂ and folate deficiencies are not very typical and can be masked by other pathogenic factors, they are sometimes overlooked in the management of IBD patients. In our study, for instance, not all CD patients with vitamin B₁₂ or folate deficiency showed macrocytosis. This can be partly explained by the fact that in IBD patients, vitamin B₁₂ and folate deficiencies overlap with iron metabolism abnormalities, and the latter can mask a morphological type of anemia.9 Therefore, there is a need to expand the knowledge of vitamin deficiency in IBD patients.

This study showed that vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was more common in CD patients than in UC patients and controls. While a number of previous studies indicated that CD patients tended to present vitamin B₁₂ deficiencies, others did not support this finding.10 11 12 The reported prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in patients with CD ranged from 5.6% to 38%.13 Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in IBD patients has multiple potential mechanisms, including inflammation of the distal ileum, the development of fistulas, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, and resection of the distal ileum.5 There have also been conflicting findings about the average serum vitamin B₁₂ levels of patients with CD. While several studies have reported low average vitamin B₁₂ levels in CD patients, others have found contradicting results.3 5 10 11 12 13 14 15 In our study, the patients with CD had significantly lower levels of serum vitamin B₁₂ than the UC patients and controls, while the prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency was similar in the UC patients and controls. These results echoed those of previously reported studies about the prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in patients with UC.3 5

Although ileum CD mainly affects the terminal ileum, which is where vitamin B₁₂ is absorbed, previous studies have not considered the disease as a risk factor of abnormal vitamin B₁₂ levels.3 4 5 A recent study used holotranscobalamin and methylmalonic acid to identify an impaired cobalamin status, and revealed that ileal inflammation was an independent risk factor of B₁₂ deficiency.16 Although prior ileal or ileocolonic resection is a known risk factor of B₁₂ deficiency,4 12 the risk depends on the resection length, as the latter affects the availability of the cobalamin-IF receptors for vitamin B₁₂ absorption, and thereby the prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.17 Interestingly, in our study, patients with prior ileal or ileocolonic resection showed a high prevalence of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and a high serum folate concentration. Evidence has suggested that high serum folate concentrations could mask anemia and exacerbate potential adverse events such as neurological symptoms in patients with low vitamin B₁₂.6 This situation should raise concerns, and calls for closer monitoring of patients with ileal or ileocolonic resection.

Folate deficiency seemed to be associated with IBD. CD patients have been reported to have a significantly higher prevalence of folate deficiency than healthy control patients and UC patients.3 4 In our study, the prevalence of folate deficiency in patients with CD was also higher than in control patients, and there was no significant difference between its prevalence in UC patients and in controls. However, the mechanism of folate deficiency in IBD remains unclear. As folate is absorbed in the duodenum and the proximal jejunum, IBD that mainly involves the ileum and the colon will not cause folate deficiency. The latter may be brought on by a poor diet, malabsorption, and increased requirements when the disease is active.18 Our study revealed that a disease duration within 5 years was a risk factor of abnormal folate levels in CD patients. A previous study showed that folate and cobalamin levels were significantly lower in patients with active IBD than in those with inactive IBD.11 Folate deficiency may be caused by therapeutic agents such as sulfasalazine and methotrexate.19 20 Table 1 shows that IBD patients received a therapeutic regimen of high 5-aminosalicylic acid or immunosuppressants doses. This may explain our result.

There were several limitations to our study. First, its retrospective nature involved inherent drawbacks, including a potential selection bias. Second, the numbers of certain subgroups in the univariate analysis were too low, which increased the risks of statistical errors in the statistical analyses. Therefore, future studies using larger samples are needed to evaluate the risk factors of vitamin deficiencies in IBD patients.

In conclusion, this study found that vitamin B₁₂ and folate deficiencies were more common in patients with CD than in UC patients and controls. Prior ileal or ileocolonic resection was a risk factor of serum vitamin B₁₂ abnormalities, and a disease duration within 5 years was a risk of low serum folate levels in CD patients.

Notes

Financial support: This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (number: 81500422).

Conflict of interest: None.

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(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) :

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Funded by : National Natural Science Foundation of Chinahttp://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001809

Award ID : 81500422