1. Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Crohn's disease. Lancet 2017;389:1741-1755.PMID:
27914655.
2. Loftus EV Jr. Crohn's disease: why the disparity in mortality? Gut 2006;55:447-449.PMID:
16531525.
3. Selinger CP, Leong RW. Mortality from inflammatory bowel diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:1566-1572.PMID:
22275300.
4. Wei SC, Lin MH, Tung CC, et al. A nationwide populationbased study of the inflammatory bowel diseases between 1998 and 2008 in Taiwan. BMC Gastroenterol 2013;13:166PMID:
24314308.
5. Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, et al. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology 2012;142:46-54.PMID:
22001864.
6. Cosnes J, Gower-Rousseau C, Seksik P, Cortot A. Epidemiology and natural history of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 2011;140:1785-1794.PMID:
21530745.
7. Kuo CJ, Yu KH, See LC, et al. The trend of inflammatory bowel diseases in Taiwan: a population-based study. Dig Dis Sci 2015;60:2454-2462.PMID:
25837597.
8. Wang LH, Yang YJ, Cheng WC, Wang WM, Lin SH, Shieh CC. Higher risk for hematological malignancies in inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Am J Gastroenterol 2016;111:1313-1319.PMID:
27296944.
9. Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, et al. Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asia-Pacific Crohn's and colitis epidemiology study. Gastroenterology 2013;145:158-165.PMID:
23583432.
10. Gomollón F, Dignass A, Annese V, et al. 3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease 2016: part 1: diagnosis and medical management. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:3-25.PMID:
27660341.
11. Gionchetti P, Dignass A, Danese S, et al. 3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease 2016: part 2: surgical management and special situations. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:135-149.PMID:
27660342.
12. Ooi CJ, Makharia GK, Hilmi I, et al. Asia Pacific consensus statements on Crohn's disease. Part 1: definition, diagnosis, and epidemiology: (Asia Pacific Crohn's Disease Consensus: part 1). J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;31:45-55.PMID:
25819140.
13. Ooi CJ, Makharia GK, Hilmi I, et al. Asia-Pacific consensus statements on Crohn's disease. Part 2: management. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;31:56-68.PMID:
25819311.
14. Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ. Practice Parameters Committee of American College of Gastroenterology. Management of Crohn's disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol 2009;104:465-483.PMID:
19174807.
15. Ueno F, Matsui T, Matsumoto T, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for Crohn's disease, integrated with formal consensus of experts in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2013;48:31-72.PMID:
23090001.
16. Lan JY. Achieving and sustaining universal health coverage: fiscal reform of the National Health Insurance in Taiwan. Appl Health Econ Health Policy PMID:
10.1007/s40258-016-0286-6. [published online ahead of print October 25, 2016].
17. Shivananda S, Lennard-Jones J, Logan R, et al. Incidence of inflammatory bowel disease across Europe: is there a difference between north and south? Results of the European Collaborative Study on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (EC-IBD). Gut 1996;39:690-697.PMID:
9014768.
18. Ng WK, Wong SH, Ng SC. Changing epidemiological trends of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Intest Res 2016;14:111-119.PMID:
27175111.
19. Prideaux L, Kamm MA, De Cruz PP, Chan FK, Ng SC. Inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: a systematic review. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:1266-1280.PMID:
22497584.
20. Thia KT, Loftus EV Jr, Sandborn WJ, Yang SK. An update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:3167-3182.PMID:
19086963.
21. Kim HJ, Hann HJ, Hong SN, et al. Incidence and natural course of inflammatory bowel disease in Korea, 2006-2012: a nationwide population-based study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:623-630.PMID:
25647154.
22. Asakura K, Nishiwaki Y, Inoue N, Hibi T, Watanabe M, Takebayashi T. Prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2009;44:659-665.PMID:
19424654.
23. Bernstein CN, Wajda A, Svenson LW, et al. The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Canada: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1559-1568.PMID:
16863561.
24. Talley NJ, Abreu MT, Achkar JP, et al. An evidence-based systematic review on medical therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106(Suppl 1): S2-S25.PMID:
21472012.
25. Gearry RB, Richardson A, Frampton CM, et al. High incidence of Crohn's disease in Canterbury, New Zealand: results of an epidemiologic study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:936-943.PMID:
17012964.
26. Economou M, Trikalinos TA, Loizou KT, Tsianos EV, Ioannidis JP. Differential effects of NOD2 variants on Crohn's disease risk and phenotype in diverse populations: a metaanalysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2393-2404.PMID:
15571588.
27. Strober W, Asano N, Fuss I, Kitani A, Watanabe T. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying NOD2 riskassociated polymorphisms in Crohn's disease. Immunol Rev 2014;260:249-260.PMID:
24942694.
28. Lee GH, Kim CG, Kim JS, Jung HC, Song IS. Frequency analysis of NOD2 gene mutations in Korean patients with Crohn's disease. Korean J Gastroenterol 2005;45:162-168.PMID:
15778542.
29. Hsiao CH, Wei SC, Wong JM, Lai HS, Chang MH, Ni YH. Pediatric Crohn disease: clinical and genetic characteristics in Taiwan. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;44:342-346.PMID:
17325555.
30. Li M, Gao X, Guo CC, Wu KC, Zhang X, Hu PJ. OCTN and CARD15 gene polymorphism in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:4923-4927.PMID:
18756601.
31. Yamazaki K, Takazoe M, Tanaka T, Kazumori T, Nakamura Y. Absence of mutation in the NOD2/CARD15 gene among 483 Japanese patients with Crohn's disease. J Hum Genet 2002;47:469-472.PMID:
12202985.
32. Wei SC, Ni YH, Yang HI, et al. A hospital-based study of clinical and genetic features of Crohn's disease. J Formos Med Assoc 2011;110:600-606.PMID:
21930071.
33. Yamazaki K, Onouchi Y, Takazoe M, Kubo M, Nakamura Y, Hata A. Association analysis of genetic variants in IL23R, ATG16L1 and 5p13.1 loci with Crohn's disease in Japanese patients. J Hum Genet 2007;52:575-583.PMID:
17534574.
34. Yang SK, Lee SG, Cho YK, Lim J, Lee I, Song K. Association of TNF-alpha/LTA polymorphisms with Crohn's disease in Koreans. Cytokine 2006;35:13-20.PMID:
16931032.
35. Zipperlen K, Peddle L, Melay B, Hefferton D, Rahman P. Association of TNF-alpha polymorphisms in Crohn disease. Hum Immunol 2005;66:56-59.PMID:
15620462.
36. Imhann F, Vich Vila A, Bonder MJ, et al. Interplay of host genetics and gut microbiota underlying the onset and clinical presentation of inflammatory bowel disease. Gut PMID:
10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312135. [published online ahead of print October 8, 2016].
37. Fowler EV, Doecke J, Simms LA, et al. ATG16L1 T300A shows strong associations with disease subgroups in a large Australian IBD population: further support for significant disease heterogeneity. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2519-2526.PMID:
18671817.
38. Glas J, Konrad A, Schmechel S, et al. The ATG16L1 gene variants rs2241879 and rs2241880 (T300A) are strongly associated with susceptibility to Crohn's disease in the German population. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:682-691.PMID:
18162085.
39. Latiano A, Palmieri O, Valvano MR, et al. Replication of interleukin 23 receptor and autophagy-related 16-like 1 association in adult- and pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease in Italy. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:4643-4651.PMID:
18698678.
40. Newman WG, Zhang Q, Liu X, Amos CI, Siminovitch KA. Genetic variants in IL-23R and ATG16L1 independently predispose to increased susceptibility to Crohn's disease in a Canadian population. J Clin Gastroenterol 2009;43:444-447.PMID:
19276991.
41. Roberts RL, Gearry RB, Hollis-Moffatt JE, et al. IL23R R381Q and ATG16L1 T300A are strongly associated with Crohn's disease in a study of New Zealand Caucasians with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2754-2761.PMID:
17894849.
42. Yang SK, Park M, Lim J, et al. Contribution of IL23R but not ATG16L1 to Crohn's disease susceptibility in Koreans. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:1385-1390.PMID:
19334001.
43. Zhi J, Zhi FC, Chen ZY, et al. Correlation of the autophagosome gene ATG16L1 polymorphism and inflammatory bowel disease. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2008;28:649-651.PMID:
18495612.
44. Tedesco FJ, Hardin RD, Harper RN, Edwards BH. Infectious colitis endoscopically simulating inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective evaluation. Gastrointest Endosc 1983;29:195-197.PMID:
6618115.
45. De Hertogh G, Geboes K. Crohn's disease and infections: a complex relationship. MedGenMed 2004;6:14.
46. Pimentel M, Chang M, Chow EJ, et al. Identification of a prodromal period in Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3458-3462.PMID:
11151877.
47. Fine KD, Schiller LR. AGA technical review on the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1464-1486.PMID:
10348832.
48. Mahid SS, Minor KS, Soto RE, Hornung CA, Galandiuk S. Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:1462-1471.PMID:
17120402.
49. Moller FT, Andersen V, Wohlfahrt J, Jess T. Familial risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study 1977-2011. Am J Gastroenterol 2015;110:564-571.PMID:
25803400.
50. Eglinton TW, Barclay ML, Gearry RB, Frizelle FA. The spectrum of perianal Crohn's disease in a population-based cohort. Dis Colon Rectum 2012;55:773-777.PMID:
22706129.
51. Best WR, Becktel JM, Singleton JW, Kern F Jr. Development of a Crohn's disease activity index. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study. Gastroenterology 1976;70:439-444.PMID:
1248701.
52. Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis: a randomized study. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1625-1629.PMID:
3317057.
53. Hyams JS, Ferry GD, Mandel FS, et al. Development and validation of a pediatric Crohn's disease activity index. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1991;12:439-447.PMID:
1678008.
54. Magro F, Langner C, Driessen A, et al. European consensus on the histopathology of inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2013;7:827-851.PMID:
23870728.
55. Makkar R, Bo S. Colonoscopic perforation in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2013;9:573-583.PMID:
24729766.
56. Fausel RA, Kornbluth A, Dubinsky MC. The first endoscopy in suspected inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2016;26:593-610.PMID:
27633590.
58. Mary JY, Modigliani R. Development and validation of an endoscopic index of the severity for Crohn's disease: a prospective multicentre study. Groupe d'Etudes Thérapeutiques des Affections Inflammatoires du Tube Digestif (GETAID). Gut 1989;30:983-989.PMID:
2668130.
59. Daperno M, D’Haens G, Van Assche G, et al. Development and validation of a new, simplified endoscopic activity score for Crohn's disease: the SES-CD. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60:505-512.PMID:
15472670.
60. D'Incà R, Caccaro R. Measuring disease activity in Crohn's disease: what is currently available to the clinician. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2014;7:151-161.PMID:
24876789.
61. Weng MT, Wei SC, Lin CC, et al. Seminar report from the 2014 Taiwan Society of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (TSIBD) spring forum (May 24th, 2014): Crohn's disease versus intestinal tuberculosis infection. Intest Res 2015;13:6-10.PMID:
25691838.
62. Keane J, Gershon S, Wise RP, et al. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor alpha-neutralizing agent. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1098-1104.PMID:
11596589.
63. Pratap Mouli V, Munot K, Ananthakrishnan A, et al. Endoscopic and clinical responses to anti-tubercular therapy can differentiate intestinal tuberculosis from Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017;45:27-36.PMID:
27813111.
65. Annunziata ML, Caviglia R, Papparella LG, Cicala M. Upper gastrointestinal involvement of Crohn's disease: a prospective study on the role of upper endoscopy in the diagnostic work-up. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:1618-1623.PMID:
22350786.
67. Witte AM, Veenendaal RA, Van Hogezand RA, Verspaget HW, Lamers CB. Crohn's disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract: the value of endoscopic examination. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1998;225:100-105.PMID:
9515760.
68. de Melo, Di Palma JA. The role of capsule endoscopy in evaluating inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2012;41:315-323.PMID:
22500520.
69. Dionisio PM, Gurudu SR, Leighton JA, et al. Capsule endoscopy has a significantly higher diagnostic yield in patients with suspected and established small-bowel Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:1240-1248.PMID:
20029412.
70. Triester SL, Leighton JA, Leontiadis GI, et al. A meta-analysis of the yield of capsule endoscopy compared to other diagnostic modalities in patients with non-stricturing small bowel Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:954-964.PMID:
16696781.
71. Leighton JA, Legnani P, Seidman EG. Role of capsule endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: where we are and where we are going. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:331-337.PMID:
17206673.
72. Kopylov U, Carter D, Eliakim AR. Capsule endoscopy and deep enteroscopy in irritable bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2016;26:611-627.PMID:
27633591.
73. Pennazio M, Spada C, Eliakim R, et al. Small-bowel capsule endoscopy and device-assisted enteroscopy for diagnosis and treatment of small-bowel disorders: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) clinical guideline. Endoscopy 2015;47:352-376.PMID:
25826168.
74. Panes J, Bouhnik Y, Reinisch W, et al. Imaging techniques for assessment of inflammatory bowel disease: joint ECCO and ESGAR evidence-based consensus guidelines. J Crohns Colitis 2013;7:556-585.PMID:
23583097.
75. Feuerbach S. MRI enterography: the future of small bowel diagnostics? Dig Dis 2010;28:433-438.PMID:
20926869.
76. Migaleddu V, Scanu AM, Quaia E, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonographic evaluation of inflammatory activity in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2009;137:43-52.PMID:
19422826.
77. Hafeez R, Greenhalgh R, Rajan J, et al. Use of small bowel imaging for the diagnosis and staging of Crohn's disease: a survey of current UK practice. Br J Radiol 2011;84:508-517.PMID:
21081570.
78. Lee SS, Kim AY, Yang SK, et al. Crohn disease of the small bowel: comparison of CT enterography, MR enterography, and small-bowel follow-through as diagnostic techniques. Radiology 2009;251:751-761.PMID:
19276325.
79. Ho IK, Cash BD, Cohen H, et al. Radiation exposure in gastroenterology: improving patient and staff protection. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:1180-1194.PMID:
24842339.
80. Peloquin JM, Pardi DS, Sandborn WJ, et al. Diagnostic ionizing radiation exposure in a population-based cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2015-2022.PMID:
18564113.
81. Jaffe TA, Gaca AM, Delaney S, et al. Radiation doses from small-bowel follow-through and abdominopelvic MDCT in Crohn's disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;189:1015-1022.PMID:
17954634.
82. Bressenot A, Geboes K, Vignaud JM, Guéant JL, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Microscopic features for initial diagnosis and disease activity evaluation in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013;19:1745-1752.PMID:
23782793.
83. Jenkins D, Balsitis M, Gallivan S, et al. Guidelines for the initial biopsy diagnosis of suspected chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease: the British Society of Gastroenterology Initiative. J Clin Pathol 1997;50:93-105.PMID:
9155688.
84. Walsh AJ, Bryant RV, Travis SP. Current best practice for disease activity assessment in IBD. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016;13:567-579.PMID:
27580684.
85. Ott JJ, Stevens GA, Groeger J, Wiersma ST. Global epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection: new estimates of age-specific HBsAg seroprevalence and endemicity. Vaccine 2012;30:2212-2219.PMID:
22273662.
86. Rahier JF, Magro F, Abreu C, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the prevention, diagnosis and management of opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014;8:443-468.PMID:
24613021.
87. Cheon JH. Understanding the complications of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in East Asian patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017;32:769-777.PMID:
27723166.
88. Loras C, Gisbert JP, Mínguez M, et al. Liver dysfunction related to hepatitis B and C in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with immunosuppressive therapy. Gut 2010;59:1340-1346.PMID:
20577000.
89. Park SH, Yang SK, Lim YS, et al. Clinical courses of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and inflammatory bowel disease in patients with both diseases. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:2004-2010.PMID:
22337144.
90. Horsburgh CR Jr, Rubin EJ. Clinical practice: latent tuberculosis infection in the United States. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1441-1448.PMID:
21488766.
92. Summers RW, Switz DM, Sessions JT Jr, et al. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study: results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology 1979;77:847-869.PMID:
38176.
93. Malchow H, Ewe K, Brandes JW, et al. European cooperative Crohn's disease study (ECCDS): results of drug treatment. Gastroenterology 1984;86:249-266.PMID:
6140202.
94. Tremaine WJ, Schroeder KW, Harrison JM, Zinsmeister AR. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the oral mesalamine (5-ASA) preparation, Asacol, in the treatment of symptomatic Crohn's colitis and ileocolitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 1994;19:278-282.PMID:
7876505.
95. Singleton JW, Hanauer SB, Gitnick GL, et al. Mesalamine capsules for the treatment of active Crohn's disease: results of a 16-week trial. Pentasa Crohn's Disease Study Group. Gastroenterology 1993;104:1293-1301.PMID:
8482443.
96. Lim WC, Wang Y, MacDonald JK, Hanauer S. Aminosalicylates for induction of remission or response in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;7:CD008870PMID:
10.1002/14651858.CD008870.pub2. PMID:
27372735.
97. Hanauer SB, Strömberg U. Oral Pentasa in the treatment of active Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;2:379-388.PMID:
15118975.
98. Martin F, Sutherland L, Beck IT, et al. Oral 5-ASA versus prednisolone in short term treatment of Crohn's disease: a multicentre controlled trial. Can J Gastroenterol 1990;4:452-457.
99. Gross V, Andus T, Fischbach W, et al. Comparison between high dose 5-aminosalicylic acid and 6-methylprednisolone in active Crohn's ileocolitis: a multicenter randomized double-blind study. German 5-ASA Study Group. Z Gastroenterol 1995;33:581-584.PMID:
7502549.
100. Prantera C, Cottone M, Pallone F, et al. Mesalamine in the treatment of mild to moderate active Crohn's ileitis: results of a randomized, multicenter trial. Gastroenterology 1999;116:521-526.PMID:
10029609.
101. Thomsen OO, Cortot A, Jewell D, et al. A comparison of budesonide and mesalamine for active Crohn's disease. International Budesonide-Mesalamine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:370-374.PMID:
9691103.
102. Rezaie A, Kuenzig ME, Benchimol EI, et al. Budesonide for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(6): CD000296PMID:
10.1002/14651858.CD000296.pub4. PMID:
26039678.
103. Benchimol EI, Seow CH, Steinhart AH, Griffiths AM. Traditional corticosteroids for induction of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(2): CD006792PMID:
10.1002/14651858.CD006792.pub2. PMID:
18425970.
104. Steinhart AH, Ewe K, Griffiths AM, Modigliani R, Thomsen OO. Corticosteroids for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;(4): CD000301PMID:
10.1002/14651858.CD000301. PMID:
14583917.
105. McDonald JW, Wang Y, Tsoulis DJ, MacDonald JK, Feagan BG. Methotrexate for induction of remission in refractory Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(8): CD003459PMID:
10.1002/14651858.CD003459.pub4. PMID:
25099640.
106. Feagan BG, Rochon J, Fedorak RN, et al. Methotrexate for the treatment of Crohn's disease. The North American Crohn's Study Group Investigators. N Engl J Med 1995;332:292-297.PMID:
7816064.
107. Targan SR, Hanauer SB, van Deventer SJ, et al. A short-term study of chimeric monoclonal antibody cA2 to tumor necrosis factor alpha for Crohn's disease. Crohn's Disease cA2 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1029-1035.PMID:
9321530.
108. Schnitzler F, Fidder H, Ferrante M, et al. Long-term outcome of treatment with infliximab in 614 patients with Crohn's disease: results from a single-centre cohort. Gut 2009;58:492-500.PMID:
18832518.
109. Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Human anti-tumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody (adalimumab) in Crohn's disease: the CLASSIC-I trial. Gastroenterology 2006;130:323-333.PMID:
16472588.
110. Schreiber S, Rutgeerts P, Fedorak RN, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of certolizumab pegol (CDP870) for treatment of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2005;129:807-818.PMID:
16143120.
111. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Stoinov S, et al. Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2007;357:228-238.PMID:
17634458.
112. Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Enns R, et al. Adalimumab induction therapy for Crohn disease previously treated with infliximab: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:829-838.PMID:
17470824.
113. Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2013;369:711-721.PMID:
23964933.
114. Sands BE, Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, et al. Effects of vedolizumab induction therapy for patients with Crohn's disease in whom tumor necrosis factor antagonist treatment failed. Gastroenterology 2014;147:618-627.PMID:
24859203.
115. Sands BE, Sandborn WJ, Van Assche G, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease in patients naïve to or who have failed tumor necrosis factor antagonist therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017;23:97-106.PMID:
27930408.
116. Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, Gasink C, et al. Ustekinumab as induction and maintenance therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1946-1960.PMID:
27959607.
117. Chande N, Patton PH, Tsoulis DJ, Thomas BS, MacDonald JK. Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015;(10): CD000067PMID:
10.1002/14651858.CD000067.pub3. PMID:
26517527.
118. Patel V, Wang Y, MacDonald JK, McDonald JW, Chande N. Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(8): CD006884PMID:
10.1002/14651858.CD006884.pub3. PMID:
25157445.
119. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Deltenre P, de Suray N, et al. Efficacy and safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Crohn's disease: meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:644-653.PMID:
18550004.
120. Behm BW, Bickston SJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(1): CD006893PMID:
10.1002/14651858.CD006893. PMID:
18254120.
121. Van Assche G, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, D'Haens G, et al. Withdrawal of immunosuppression in Crohn's disease treated with scheduled infliximab maintenance: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology 2008;134:1861-1868.PMID:
18440315.
122. Matsumoto T, Motoya S, Watanabe K, et al. Adalimumab monotherapy and a combination with azathioprine for Crohn's disease: a prospective, randomized trial. J Crohns Colitis 2016;10:1259-1266.PMID:
27566367.
123. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1383-1395.PMID:
20393175.
124. Kruis W, Nguyen PG, Morgenstern J. Promises and dangers of combination therapy. Dig Dis 2017;35:56-60.PMID:
28147380.
125. Dignass A, Van Assche G, Lindsay JO, et al. The second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: current management. J Crohns Colitis 2010;4:28-62.PMID:
21122489.
126. Aratari A, Papi C, Leandro G, Viscido A, Capurso L, Caprilli R. Early versus late surgery for ileo-caecal Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:1303-1312.PMID:
17848181.
127. Annese V, Daperno M, Rutter MD, et al. European evidence based consensus for endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2013;7:982-1018.PMID:
24184171.
128. Baert F, Moortgat L, Van Assche G, et al. Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2010;138:463-468.PMID:
19818785.
129. Hébuterne X, Lémann M, Bouhnik Y, et al. Endoscopic improvement of mucosal lesions in patients with moderate to severe ileocolonic Crohn's disease following treatment with certolizumab pegol. Gut 2013;62:201-208.PMID:
22525883.
130. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Reinisch W, Colombel JF, et al. Clinical disease activity, C-reactive protein normalisation and mucosal healing in Crohn's disease in the SONIC trial. Gut 2014;63:88-95.PMID:
23974954.
131. Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G, Kerremans R, Coenegrachts JL, Coremans G. Natural history of recurrent Crohn's disease at the ileocolonic anastomosis after curative surgery. Gut 1984;25:665-672.PMID:
6735250.
132. Olaison G, Smedh K, Sjödahl R. Natural course of Crohn's disease after ileocolic resection: endoscopically visualised ileal ulcers preceding symptoms. Gut 1992;33:331-335.PMID:
1568651.
133. Tytgat GN, Mulder CJ, Brummelkamp WH. Endoscopic lesions in Crohn's disease early after ileocecal resection. Endoscopy 1988;20:260-262.PMID:
3168939.
134. Rutgeerts P, Geboes K, Vantrappen G, Beyls J, Kerremans R, Hiele M. Predictability of the postoperative course of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1990;99:956-963.PMID:
2394349.
135. Leighton JA, Shen B, Baron TH, et al. ASGE guideline: endoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2006;63:558-565.PMID:
16564852.
136. Fagan EA, Dyck RF, Maton PN, et al. Serum levels of C-reactive protein in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Invest 1982;12:351-359.PMID:
6814926.
137. Yang DH, Yang SK, Park SH, et al. Usefulness of C-reactive protein as a disease activity marker in Crohn's disease according to the location of disease. Gut Liver 2015;9:80-86.PMID:
25170056.
138. Kiss LS, Papp M, Lovasz BD, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein for identification of disease phenotype, active disease, and clinical relapses in Crohn's disease: a marker for patient classification? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:1647-1654.PMID:
22081542.
139. Bjarnason I, Sherwood R. Fecal calprotectin: a significant step in the noninvasive assessment of intestinal inflammation. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2001;33:11-13.PMID:
11479401.
140. Summerton CB, Longlands MG, Wiener K, Shreeve DR. Faecal calprotectin: a marker of inflammation throughout the intestinal tract. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:841-845.PMID:
12172403.
141. Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Foster R, Forgacs I, Bjarnason I. Use of surrogate markers of inflammation and Rome criteria to distinguish organic from nonorganic intestinal disease. Gastroenterology 2002;123:450-460.PMID:
12145798.
142. Tibble J, Teahon K, Thjodleifsson B, et al. A simple method for assessing intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease. Gut 2000;47:506-513.PMID:
10986210.
143. Lin WC, Wong JM, Tung CC, et al. Fecal calprotectin correlated with endoscopic remission for Asian inflammatory bowel disease patients. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:13566-13573.PMID:
26730169.
144. Solem CA, Loftus EV Jr, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR, Sandborn WJ. Correlation of C-reactive protein with clinical, endoscopic, histologic, and radiographic activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:707-712.PMID:
16043984.
145. Vermeire S, Van Assche G, Rutgeerts P. C-reactive protein as a marker for inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10:661-665.PMID:
15472532.
146. Jürgens M, Mahachie John JM, Cleynen I, et al. Levels of Creactive protein are associated with response to infliximab therapy in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:421-427.PMID:
21334460.
147. Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Bridger S, Fagerhol MK, Bjarnason I. Surrogate markers of intestinal inflammation are predictive of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2000;119:15-22.PMID:
10889150.
148. Ferreiro-Iglesias R, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Lorenzo-Gonzalez A, Dominguez-Muñoz JE. Accuracy of consecutive fecal calprotectin measurements to predict relapse in inflammatory bowel disease patients under maintenance with anti-tnf therapy: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. J Clin Gastroenterol PMID:
10.1097/MCG.0000000000000774. [published onlineahead of print December 14, 2016].
149. Sipponen T, Savilahti E, Kolho KL, Nuutinen H, Turunen U, Färkkilä M. Crohn's disease activity assessed by fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin: correlation with Crohn's disease activity index and endoscopic findings. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:40-46.PMID:
18022866.
150. Moreno N, Ripollés T, Paredes JM, et al. Usefulness of abdominal ultrasonography in the analysis of endoscopic activity in patients with Crohn's disease: changes following treatment with immunomodulators and/or anti-TNF antibodies. J Crohns Colitis 2014;8:1079-1087.PMID:
24613399.
151. Paredes JM, Ripollés T, Cortés X, et al. Abdominal sonographic changes after antibody to tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) alpha therapy in Crohn's Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2010;55:404-410.PMID:
19267199.
152. Deepak P, Fletcher JG, Fidler JL, Bruining DH. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance enterography in Crohn's disease: assessment of radiologic criteria and endpoints for clinical practice and trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016;22:2280-2288.PMID:
27508513.
153. Rimola J, Rodriguez S, García-Bosch O, et al. Magnetic resonance for assessment of disease activity and severity in ileocolonic Crohn's disease. Gut 2009;58:1113-1120.PMID:
19136510.
154. Steward MJ, Punwani S, Proctor I, et al. Non-perforating small bowel Crohn's disease assessed by MRI enterography: derivation and histopathological validation of an MR-based activity index. Eur J Radiol 2012;81:2080-2088.PMID:
21924572.
155. Makanyanga JC, Pendsé D, Dikaios N, et al. Evaluation of Crohn's disease activity: initial validation of a magnetic resonance enterography global score (MEGS) against faecal calprotectin. Eur Radiol 2014;24:277-287.PMID:
24026620.
156. Oussalah A, Laurent V, Bruot O, et al. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance without bowel preparation for detecting colonic inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2010;59:1056-1065.PMID:
20525970.
157. Baars JE, Nuij VJ, Oldenburg B, Kuipers EJ, van der Woude CJ. Majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission have mucosal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:1634-1640.PMID:
22069022.
158. Kim NK, Senagore AJ, Luchtefeld MA, et al. Long-term outcome after ileocecal resection for Crohn's disease. Am Surg 1997;63:627-633.PMID:
9202538.
159. Weston LA, Roberts PL, Schoetz DJ Jr, Coller JA, Murray JJ, Rusin LC. Ileocolic resection for acute presentation of Crohn's disease of the ileum. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:841-846.PMID:
8756837.
160. Bass JA, Goldman J, Jackson MA, et al. Pediatric Crohn disease presenting as appendicitis: differentiating features from typical appendicitis. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2012;22:274-278.PMID:
22648194.
161. Hsu WF, Wu CS, Wu JM, Chung CS. Ileal Crohn's disease with perforation misdiagnosed as ruptured appendicitis: a case report. J Formos Med Assoc 2013;112:652-653.PMID:
23962876.
162. Han H, Kim H, Rehman A, Jang SM, Paik SS. Appendiceal Crohn's disease clinically presenting as acute appendicitis. World J Clin Cases 2014;2:888-892.PMID:
25516865.
163. Chachu KA, Osterman MT. How to diagnose and treat IBD mimics in the refractory IBD patient who does not have IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016;22:1262-1274.PMID:
26891261.
164. Goldstein NS, Leon-Armin C, Mani A. Crohn's colitis-like changes in sigmoid diverticulitis specimens is usually an idiosyncratic inflammatory response to the diverticulosis rather than Crohn's colitis. Am J Surg Pathol 2000;24:668-675.PMID:
10800985.
165. Mukherjee K, Rinker EB, Kressin MK, Tarpley JL, Muldoon RL. Small bowel diverticulitis masquerading as Crohn's disease. Am Surg 2013;79:E246-E248.PMID:
23815990.
166. Garcia JC, Persky SE, Bonis PA, Topazian M. Abscesses in Crohn's disease: outcome of medical versus surgical treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol 2001;32:409-412.PMID:
11319312.
167. Gervais DA, Hahn PF, O'Neill MJ, Mueller PR. Percutaneous abscess drainage in Crohn disease: technical success and short- and long-term outcomes during 14 years. Radiology 2002;222:645-651.PMID:
11867780.
168. Feagins LA, Holubar SD, Kane SV, Spechler SJ. Current strategies in the management of intra-abdominal abscesses in Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:842-850.PMID:
21679776.
169. Müller-Wille R, Iesalnieks I, Dornia C, et al. Influence of percutaneous abscess drainage on severe postoperative septic complications in patients with Crohn's disease. Int J Colorectal Dis 2011;26:769-774.PMID:
21286921.
170. Zerbib P, Koriche D, Truant S, et al. Pre-operative management is associated with low rate of post-operative morbidity in penetrating Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:459-465.PMID:
20497144.
171. Shen B, Patel S, Lian L. Natural history of Crohn's disease in patients who underwent intentional restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:745-753.PMID:
20047579.
172. Reese GE, Lovegrove RE, Tilney HS, et al. The effect of Crohn's disease on outcomes after restorative proctocolectomy. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:239-250.PMID:
17180251.
173. Aberra FN, Lewis JD, Hass D, Rombeau JL, Osborne B, Lichtenstein GR. Corticosteroids and immunomodulators: post-operative infectious complication risk in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Gastroenterology 2003;125:320-327.PMID:
12891531.
174. Tzivanakis A, Singh JC, Guy RJ, Travis SP, Mortensen NJ, George BD. Influence of risk factors on the safety of ileocolic anastomosis in Crohn's disease surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2012;55:558-562.PMID:
22513434.
175. Yamamoto T, Allan RN, Keighley MR. Risk factors for intra-abdominal sepsis after surgery in Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 2000;43:1141-1145.PMID:
10950014.
177. Reese GE, Nanidis T, Borysiewicz C, Yamamoto T, Orchard T, Tekkis PP. The effect of smoking after surgery for Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Colorectal Dis 2008;23:1213-1221.PMID:
18762954.
178. Van Assche G, Dignass A, Reinisch W, et al. The second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn's disease: special situations. J Crohns Colitis 2010;4:63-101.PMID:
21122490.
179. Caprilli R, Taddei G, Viscido A. In favour of prophylactic treatment for post-operative recurrence in Crohn's disease. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;30:219-225.PMID:
9675663.
180. McLeod RS, Wolff BG, Steinhart AH, et al. Prophylactic mesalamine treatment decreases postoperative recurrence of Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 1995;109:404-413.PMID:
7615189.
181. Carla-Moreau A, Paul S, Roblin X, Genin C, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Prevention and treatment of postoperative Crohn's disease recurrence with anti-TNF therapy: a meta-analysis of controlled trials. Dig Liver Dis 2015;47:191-196.PMID:
25488057.
182. Coelho J, Beaugerie L, Colombel JF, et al. Pregnancy outcome in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with thiopurines: cohort from the CESAME study. Gut 2011;60:198-203.PMID:
21115547.
183. Alstead EM, Ritchie JK, Lennard-Jones JE, Farthing MJ, Clark ML. Safety of azathioprine in pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1990;99:443-446.PMID:
2365192.
184. Francella A, Dyan A, Bodian C, Rubin P, Chapman M, Present DH. The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for childbearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 2003;124:9-17.PMID:
12512024.
185. Nørgård B, Pedersen L, Fonager K, Rasmussen SN, Sørensen HT. Azathioprine, mercaptopurine and birth outcome: a population-based cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:827-834.PMID:
12641505.
186. Mahadevan U, Kane S, Sandborn WJ, et al. Intentional infliximab use during pregnancy for induction or maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005;21:733-738.PMID:
15771759.
187. Katz JA, Antoni C, Keenan GF, Smith DE, Jacobs SJ, Lichtenstein GR. Outcome of pregnancy in women receiving infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2385-2392.PMID:
15571587.
188. Vesga L, Terdiman JP, Mahadevan U. Adalimumab use in pregnancy. Gut 2005;54:890.
189. Mishkin DS, Van Deinse W, Becker JM, Farraye FA. Successful use of adalimumab (Humira) for Crohn's disease in pregnancy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:827-828.PMID:
16917239.
190. Coburn LA, Wise PE, Schwartz DA. The successful use of adalimumab to treat active Crohn's disease of an ileoanal pouch during pregnancy. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51:2045-2047.PMID:
17009112.
191. Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Rezaie A, Abdollahi M. Pregnancy outcome in women with inflammatory bowel disease following exposure to 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs: a meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 2008;25:271-275.PMID:
18242053.
192. Silverman DA, Ford J, Shaw I, Probert CS. Is mesalazine really safe for use in breastfeeding mothers? Gut 2005;54:170-171.
193. Ost L, Wettrell G, Björkhem I, Rane A. Prednisolone excretion in human milk. J Pediatr 1985;106:1008-1011.PMID:
3998938.
194. Gardiner SJ, Gearry RB, Roberts RL, Zhang M, Barclay ML, Begg EJ. Exposure to thiopurine drugs through breast milk is low based on metabolite concentrations in mother-infant pairs. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62:453-456.PMID:
16995866.
195. Mottet C, Juillerat P, Pittet V, et al. Pregnancy and breastfeeding in patients with Crohn's disease. Digestion 2007;76:149-160.PMID:
18239407.
196. Barclay AR, Russell RK, Wilson ML, Gilmour WH, Satsangi J, Wilson DC. Systematic review: the role of breastfeeding in the development of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr 2009;155:421-426.PMID:
19464699.
197. Ruemmele FM, Veres G, Kolho KL, et al. Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2014;8:1179-1207.PMID:
24909831.
198. Byron MA, Jackson J, Ansell BM. Effect of different corticosteroid regimens on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and growth in juvenile chronic arthritis. J R Soc Med 1983;76:452-457.PMID:
6864717.
199. Markowitz J, Grancher K, Kohn N, Lesser M, Daum F. A multicenter trial of 6-mercaptopurine and prednisone in children with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology 2000;119:895-902.PMID:
11040176.
200. Jaspers GJ, Verkade HJ, Escher JC, de Ridder L, Taminiau JA, Rings EH. Azathioprine maintains first remission in newly diagnosed pediatric Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006;12:831-836.PMID:
16954801.
201. Fuentes D, Torrente F, Keady S, et al. High-dose azathioprine in children with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:913-921.PMID:
12656694.
202. Turner D, Grossman AB, Rosh J, et al. Methotrexate following unsuccessful thiopurine therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102:2804-2812.PMID:
18042110.
203. Hyams J, Crandall W, Kugathasan S, et al. Induction and maintenance infliximab therapy for the treatment of moderateto-severe Crohn's disease in children. Gastroenterology 2007;132:863-873.PMID:
17324398.
204. Ruemmele FM, Lachaux A, Cézard JP, et al. Efficacy of infliximab in pediatric Crohn's disease: a randomized multicenter open-label trial comparing scheduled to on demand maintenance therapy. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:388-394.PMID:
19023899.
205. Hyams JS, Griffiths A, Markowitz J, et al. Safety and efficacy of adalimumab for moderate to severe Crohn's disease in children. Gastroenterology 2012;143:365-374.PMID:
22562021.
206. Hyams JS, Lerer T, Griffiths A, et al. Long-term outcome of maintenance infliximab therapy in children with Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:816-822.PMID:
19107783.
207. Smith R, Hicks D, Tomljanovich PI, Lele SB, Rajput A, Dunn KB. Adenocarcinoma arising from chronic perianal Crohn's disease: case report and review of the literature. Am Surg 2008;74:59-61.PMID:
18274431.
208. Shwaartz C, Munger JA, Deliz JR, et al. Fistula-associated anorectal cancer in the setting of Crohn's disease. Dis Colon Rectum 2016;59:1168-1173.PMID:
27824702.
209. Laukoetter MG, Mennigen R, Hannig CM, et al. Intestinal cancer risk in Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2011;15:576-583.PMID:
21152994.
210. Winkler R, Wittmer A, Heusermann U. Cancer and Crohn's disease. Z Gastroenterol 2002;40:569-576.PMID:
12297980.
211. Thomas M, Bienkowski R, Vandermeer TJ, Trostle D, Cagir B. Malignant transformation in perianal fistulas of Crohn's disease: a systematic review of literature. J Gastrointest Surg 2010;14:66-73.PMID:
19826882.
212. Annese V, Beaugerie L, Egan L, et al. European evidence-based consensus: inflammatory bowel disease and malignancies. J Crohns Colitis 2015;9:945-965.PMID:
26294789.
213. Elriz K, Carrat F, Carbonnel F, et al. Incidence, presentation, and prognosis of small bowel adenocarcinoma in patients with small bowel Crohn's disease: a prospective observational study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013;19:1823-1826.PMID:
23702807.
214. Biancone L, Zuzzi S, Ranieri M, et al. Fistulizing pattern in Crohn's disease and pancolitis in ulcerative colitis are independent risk factors for cancer: a single-center cohort study. J Crohns Colitis 2012;6:578-587.PMID:
22398047.
215. Jess T, Horváth-Puhó E, Fallingborg J, Rasmussen HH, Jacobsen BA. Cancer risk in inflammatory bowel disease according to patient phenotype and treatment: a Danish populationbased cohort study. Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:1869-1876.PMID:
23978954.
216. Long MD, Herfarth HH, Pipkin CA, Porter CQ, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Increased risk for non-melanoma skin cancer in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:268-274.PMID:
20005977.
217. Singh H, Nugent Z, Demers AA, Bernstein CN. Increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers among individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1612-1620.PMID:
21806945.
218. Kotlyar DS, Lewis JD, Beaugerie L, et al. Risk of lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13:847-858.PMID:
24879926.
219. Kotlyar DS, Osterman MT, Diamond RH, et al. A systematic review of factors that contribute to hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;9:36-41.PMID:
20888436.
220. Ariyaratnam J, Subramanian V. Association between thiopurine use and nonmelanoma skin cancers in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2014;109:163-169.PMID:
24419479.
221. Long MD, Martin CF, Pipkin CA, Herfarth HH, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. Risk of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2012;143:390-399.PMID:
22584081.
222. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Khosrotehrani K, Carrat F, et al. Increased risk for nonmelanoma skin cancers in patients who receive thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2011;141:1621-1628.PMID:
21708105.
223. Rieder F, Latella G, Magro F, et al. European Crohn's and colitis organisation topical review on prediction, diagnosis and management of fibrostenosing Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis 2016;10:873-885.PMID:
26928961.
224. Spinelli A, Correale C, Szabo H, Montorsi M. Intestinal fibrosis in Crohn's disease: medical treatment or surgery? Curr Drug Targets 2010;11:242-248.PMID:
19916949.
225. Van Assche G, Geboes K, Rutgeerts P. Medical therapy for Crohn's disease strictures. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004;10:55-60.PMID:
15058528.
226. Bettenworth D, Gustavsson A, Atreja A, et al. A pooled analysis of efficacy, safety, and long-term outcome of endoscopic balloon dilation therapy for patients with stricturing Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017;23:133-142.PMID:
28002130.
227. Bemelman WA, Allez M. The surgical intervention: earlier or never? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014;28:497-503.PMID:
24913388.
228. Latella G, Cocco A, Angelucci E, et al. Clinical course of Crohn's disease first diagnosed at surgery for acute abdomen. Dig Liver Dis 2009;41:269-276.PMID:
18955023.
229. de Buck van Overstraeten A, Wolthuis A, D'Hoore A. Surgery for Crohn's disease in the era of biologicals: a reduced need or delayed verdict? World J Gastroenterol 2012;18:3828-3832.PMID:
22876034.
230. Bobanga ID, Bai S, Swanson MA, et al. Factors influencing disease recurrence after ileocolic resection in adult and pediatric onset Crohn's disease. Am J Surg 2014;208:591-596.PMID:
25110291.
231. Yamazaki Y, Ribeiro MB, Sachar DB, Aufses AH Jr, Greenstein AJ. Malignant colorectal strictures in Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1991;86:882-885.PMID:
2058631.
232. Lovasz BD, Lakatos L, Golovics PA, et al. Risk of colorectal cancer in Crohn's disease patients with colonic involvement and stenosing disease in a population-based cohort from Hungary. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2013;22:265-268.PMID:
24078982.
233. Chang CW, Wong JM, Tung CC, Shih IL, Wang HY, Wei SC. Intestinal stricture in Crohn's disease. Intest Res 2015;13:19-26.PMID:
25691840.